- focus on participatory and perspectival knowing, not procedural and propositional - example is pragmatic Self-Contradiction - when your current perspective is different from when you say something - Saying "I am asleep" There are two ways of how: - the process at which you come to know vs the product - john kekes - descriptive knowledge - facts - interpretive knowledge - understanding - grasping the significance - wisdom has perspectival and participatory knowing - perspectives, identities